Análisis retrospectivo de las hipoglucemias inducidas por venlafaxina en pacientes con sobredosis / Retrospective analysis of venlafaxine-induced hypoglycemia in patients with overdose

Introducción: Estudios recientes en intoxicaciones por venlafaxina (VLF) relacionan la presencia de hipoglucemia con la dosis. Nuestro objetivo fue analizar las características clínicas de los pacientes que presentaron hipoglucemia inducida por sobredosis de VLF.Pacientes y métodosEstudio retrospectivo realizado en las Islas Baleares (2020-2023). Como criterios de inclusión se tomaron en cuenta las concentraciones séricas de VLF + ortodesmetilvenlafaxina (O-VLF) > 800 ng/mL. Se compararon las características de los pacientes con y sin hipoglucemia.ResultadosSe incluyeron 21 pacientes, ocho (38,1%) con hipoglucemia. No se hallaron diferencias en las dosis referidas en ambos grupos. Las concentraciones máximas de VLF + O-VLF (ng/mL) fueron 9.783 (4.459-17.976) en sujetos con hipoglucemia y 1.413 (930-1.769) en aquellos sin esta enfermedad (p<0,0001). La presencia de hipoglucemia se asoció con: menor edad y nivel de conciencia; y mayor frecuencia de tentativas suicidas, convulsiones, midriasis, taquicardia y síndrome serotoninérgico, soporte respiratorio invasivo, sueroterapia e ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) (p < 0,05).ConclusionesLa detección de hipoglucemia en individuos intoxicados por VLF es un marcador fácilmente disponible para sospechar la gravedad del paciente. En cualquier caso, las concentraciones séricas, cuando se disponen, permiten confirmar la intoxicación. (AU)

Introduction: Recent publications relate the presence of hypoglycemia in venlafaxine (VLX) poisoning depending on the dose. Our aim was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients who presented hypoglycemia induced by VLF overdose.Patients and methodsRetrospective study carried out in the Balearic Islands (2020–2023). Inclusion criteria: serum concentrations of VLX + O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (O-VLX)>800 ng/mL. The characteristics of patients with and without hypoglycemia were compared.ResultsTwenty-one patients were included, 8 (38.1%) with hypoglycemia. No differences were found in the doses referred to in both groups. Peak concentrations of VLX + O-VLX (ng/mL) were 9,783 [4,459–17,976] in patients with hypoglycemia and 1,413 [930–1,719] in patients without hypoglycemia (p<0.0001). The presence of hypoglycemia was associated with: lower age and level of consciousness; and higher frequency of suicide attempts, seizures, mydriasis, tachycardia and serotonin syndrome, invasive respiratory support, fluid therapy and ICU admission (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe detection of hypoglycemia in a VLX overdose case is a readily available marker to suspect the severity of the patient. In any case, serum concentrations when available allow us to confirm intoxication. (AU)

[Retrospective analysis of venlafaxine-induced hypoglycemia in patients with overdose]. / Análisis retrospectivo de las hipoglucemias inducidas por venlafaxina en pacientes con sobredosis.

INTRODUCTION: Recent publications relate the presence of hypoglycemia in venlafaxine (VLX) poisoning depending on the dose. Our aim was to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients who presented hypoglycemia induced by VLF overdose. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study carried out in the Balearic Islands (2020-2023). INCLUSION CRITERIA: serum concentrations of VLX + O-desmethyl-venlafaxine (O-VLX)>800 ng/mL. The characteristics of patients with and without hypoglycemia were compared. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients were included, 8 (38.1%) with hypoglycemia. No differences were found in the doses referred to in both groups. Peak concentrations of VLX + O-VLX (ng/mL) were 9,783 [4,459-17,976] in patients with hypoglycemia and 1,413 [930-1,719] in patients without hypoglycemia (p<0.0001). The presence of hypoglycemia was associated with: lower age and level of consciousness; and higher frequency of suicide attempts, seizures, mydriasis, tachycardia and serotonin syndrome, invasive respiratory support, fluid therapy and ICU admission (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of hypoglycemia in a VLX overdose case is a readily available marker to suspect the severity of the patient. In any case, serum concentrations when available allow us to confirm intoxication.

Ketamine detection in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs: epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles. / Detección de ketamina en pacientes intoxicados por drogas recreativas: perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles of patients who used recreational ketamine and experienced acute poisoning. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of patients attended by several emergency medical services in the Balearic Islands for analytically confirmed acute poisoning after using ketamine between January 2016 and December 2020. Urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 26.7 (6.5) years. The majority were men (77.9%) and not residents of the Balearic Islands (74.6%). Poisoning cases occurred mainly in the summer and in the island of Ibiza (84.4%). Ketamine use was declared by the patient or clinically suspected in 40.2%. The most common clinical signs were tachycardia (43.4%), hypertension (28.7%), mydriasis (27.0%), altered consciousness (25.4%), agitation/aggressiveness (25.4%), and hypothermia (21.3%). Seven patients (5.73%) required admission to the intensive care unit. The drugs most often detected along with ketamine were cocaine, in 93.4%, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in 78.7%. Multiple-drug use combining ketamine, cocaine, and MDMA, or on occasion additional substances, was detected in 98.4%. CONCLUSION: Detection of ketamine in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs is associated with a characteristic profile: young men who are not residents of the Balearic Islands, who attend electronic music concerts, and who have taken multiple drugs. A substantial percentage of such patients are unaware of drug intake.

OBJETIVO: Identificar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico de los pacientes consumidores de ketamina en el contexto de una intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas. METODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes atendidos en varios servicios de urgencias (SU) en Baleares por intoxicaciones agudas por drogas recreativas con exposición a ketamina confirmada analíticamente, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. El análisis toxicológico en muestras de orina se realizó mediante inmunoensayo y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 122 pacientes. La edad media fue de 26,7 (DE 6,5) años. La mayoría eran hombres (77,9%) y no residentes en las Islas Baleares (74,6%). Los casos se detectaron mayoritariamente en verano y en Ibiza (84,4%). El uso de ketamina solo fue declarado por el paciente o fue clínicamente sospechado por el médico en el 40,2%. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron taquicardia (43,4%), hipertensión (28,7%), midriasis (27,0%), disminución de la consciencia (25,4%), agitación/agresividad (25,4%) e hipotermia (21,3%). Siete pacientes (5,7%) requirieron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La cocaína (93,4%) y la 3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) (78,7%) fueron las drogas más detectadas junto con la ketamina. El policonsumo fue habitual (98,4%), combinando ketamina, cocaína y MDMA, en algunos casos asociado a otras sustancias. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de ketamina en intoxicaciones por drogas recreativas se asocia a consumidores con un perfil característico (varones jóvenes, no residentes, asistentes a eventos de música electrónica y policonsumo) y un alto porcentaje desconocen de este consumo.

Detección de ketamina en pacientes intoxicados por drogas recreativas: perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico / Ketamine detection in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs: epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles

bjetivo. Identificar el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y toxicológico de los pacientes consumidores de ketamina en el contexto de una intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas.Método. Estudio observacional retrospectivo en pacientes atendidos en varios servicios de urgencias (SU) en Baleares por intoxicaciones agudas por drogas recreativas con exposición a ketamina confirmada analíticamente, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. El análisis toxicológico en muestras de orina se realizó mediante inmunoensayo y cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas.Resultados. Se incluyeron 122 pacientes. La edad media fue de 26,7 (DE 6,5) años. La mayoría eran hombres (77,9%) y no residentes en las Islas Baleares (74,6%). Los casos se detectaron mayoritariamente en verano y en Ibiza (84,4%). El uso de ketamina solo fue declarado por el paciente o fue clínicamente sospechado por el médico en el 40,2%. Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron taquicardia (43,4%), hipertensión (28,7%), midriasis (27,0%), disminución de la consciencia (25,4%), agitación/agresividad (25,4%) e hipotermia (21,3%). Siete pacientes (5,7%) requirieron ingreso en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). La cocaína (93,4%) y la 3,4-metilendioximetanfetamina (MDMA) (78,7%) fueron las drogas más detectadas junto con la ketamina. El policonsumo fue habitual (98,4%), combinando ketamina, cocaína y MDMA, en algunos casos asociado a otras sustancias.Conclusiones. La detección de ketamina en intoxicaciones por drogas recreativas se asocia a consumidores con un perfil característico (varones jóvenes, no residentes, asistentes a eventos de música electrónica y policonsumo) y un alto porcentaje desconocen de este consumo. (AU)

Objective. To describe the epidemiologic, clinical, and toxicologic profiles of patients who used recreational ketamine and experienced acute poisoning. Methods. Retrospective observational study of patients attended by several emergency medical services in the Balearic Islands for analytically confirmed acute poisoning after using ketamine between January 2016 and December 2020. Urine samples were analyzed by immunoassay and combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results. One hundred twenty-two patients were studied. The mean (SD) age was 26.7 (6.5) years. The majority were men (77.9%) and not residents of the Balearic Islands (74.6%). Poisoning cases occurred mainly in the summer and in the island of Ibiza (84.4%). Ketamine use was declared by the patient or clinically suspected in 40.2%. The most common clinical signs were tachycardia (43.4%), hypertension (28.7%), mydriasis (27.0%), altered consciousness (25.4%), agitation/aggressiveness (25.4%), and hypothermia (21.3%). Seven patients (5.73%) required admission to the intensive care unit. The drugs most often detected along with ketamine were cocaine, in 93.4%, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in 78.7%. Multiple-drug use combining ketamine, cocaine, and MDMA, or on occasion additional substances, was detected in 98.4%. Conclusions. Detection of ketamine in urine samples from patients poisoned by recreational drugs is associated with a characteristic profile: young men who are not residents of the Balearic Islands, who attend electronic music. (AU)

Detection of unsuspected cathinone and piperazine-type drugs in urine samples positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine collected in emergency departments. / Detección no sospechada de catinonas y piperacinas en pacientes consumidores de metanfetamina y anfetamina atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios.

OBJECTIVES: To detect the presence of unsuspected and/or undeclared cathinone and piperazine-type designer drugs in methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine users treated in emergency departments, and to compare clinical and toxicologic profiles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of emergency department patients treated for confirmed acute intoxication by recreational drugs (METH and amphetamines) between March 2019 and December 2020. We ordered high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to detect cathinones (methylone, fluoromethcathinone, mexedrone, fluoromethamphetamine, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and synthetic piperazines (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine). Demographic, clinical, and toxicologic variables were analyzed with SPSS software (version 23). RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were included: 24 (61.5%) had used METH and 15 (38.5%) an amphetamine. Synthetic cathinones were detected in samples from 11 patients (28.2%), 10 (90.9%) in the METH group and 1 (9.1%) in the amphetamine group (P = .028). The METH users had taken mephedrone (8 patients) or methylone (2 patients); the amphetamine user had taken mephedrone. None of the patients had declared use of a cathinone; nor was use suspected. The mean (SD) number of substances involved was higher among users of cathinones (3.5 [1.13] vs 2.5 [1.40] in those who took no cathinones; P = .036). Among the cathinone users, 90.9% were men, 90.9% had used METH, and 45.5% had practiced chemsex. HIV positivity was significantly associated with cathinone use (in 45.5% vs 10.7% of those not using cathinones; P = .028). All 5 of the patients who had taken cathinones and also practiced chemsex were HIV positive. Significantly more patients who had taken cathinones presented with anxiety (72.7% vs 21.43%; P = .007). No differences in clinical management were found. CONCLUSION: Detection of METH in intoxicated patients should raise suspicion of probable use of a synthetic cathinone. Patients in whom new psychoactive substances are detected should be kept under observation, and clinical protocols should include referring them to addiction treatment centers.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la incidencia de catinonas y piperazinas, no sospechadas y/o declaradas en consumidores de metanfetamina (MANF) y anfetamina (ANF) atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) y comparar los perfiles clínicos y toxicológicos. METODO: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas con MANF y ANF confirmadas analíticamente atendidos en 3 SUH entre marzo de 2019 y diciembre de 2020. Se detectaron por HPLC-MS/MS las catinonas [metilona, fluorometcatinona, mecedrona, fluorometanfetamina, mefedrona, metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV)] y las piperazinas sintéticas [meta-clorofenilpiperazina (mCPP), trifluorometilfenilpiperazina (TFMPP)]. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 39 pacientes: 24 (61,5%) en el grupo MANF y 15 (38,5%) en el ANF. En 11 (28,2%), se detectaron catinonas sintéticas (grupo CAT), 10 en el grupo MANF (8 mefedrona, 2 metilona) y 1 en el grupo ANF (1 mefedrona) (90,9% vs 9,1%; p = 0,028). Ninguno de los pacientes declaró consumo de catinonas. El número de drogas implicadas en la intoxicación fue superior en el grupo CAT (3,5 [1,13] vs 2,5 [1,40]; p = 0,036). El perfil clínico del grupo CAT fue: varón (90,9%), consumidor de MANF (90,9%) y usuario de chemsex (45,5%). El diagnóstico de VIH se asoció significativamente al grupo CAT (45,5% vs 10,7%; p = 0,028). Los pacientes del grupo CAT presentaron mayor ansiedad (72,7% vs 21,4%; p = 0,007). No se hallaron diferencias en su manejo clínico. CONCLUSIONES: La detección de MANF debería considerarse un dato de sospecha de consumo de catinonas sintéticas, y en esos casos debería contemplarse la detección de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas de abuso.

Detección no sospechada de catinonas y piperacinas en pacientes consumidores de metanfetamina y anfetamina atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios / Detection of unsuspected cathinone and piperazine-type drugs in urine samples positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine collected in emergency departments

Objetivos. Determinar la incidencia de catinonas y piperazinas, no sospechadas y/o declaradas en consumidores de metanfetamina (MANF) y anfetamina (ANF) atendidos en servicios de urgencias hospitalarios (SUH) y comparar los perfiles clínicos y toxicológicos. Método. Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con intoxicación aguda por drogas recreativas con MANF y ANF confirmadas analíticamente atendidos en 3 SUH entre marzo de 2019 y diciembre de 2020. Se detectaron por HPLC-MS/MS las catinonas [metilona, fluorometcatinona, mecedrona, fluorometanfetamina, mefedrona, metilendioxipirovalerona (MDPV)] y las piperazinas sintéticas [meta-clorofenilpiperazina (mCPP), trifluorometilfenilpiperazina (TFMPP)]. Resultados. Se incluyeron 39 pacientes: 24 (61,5%) en el grupo MANF y 15 (38,5%) en el ANF. En 11 (28,2%), se detectaron catinonas sintéticas (grupo CAT), 10 en el grupo MANF (8 mefedrona, 2 metilona) y 1 en el grupo ANF (1 mefedrona) (90,9% vs 9,1%; p = 0,028). Ninguno de los pacientes declaró consumo de catinonas. El nú- mero de drogas implicadas en la intoxicación fue superior en el grupo CAT (3,5 [1,13] vs 2,5 [1,40]; p = 0,036). El perfil clínico del grupo CAT fue: varón (90,9%), consumidor de MANF (90,9%) y usuario de chemsex (45,5%). El diagnóstico de VIH se asoció significativamente al grupo CAT (45,5% vs 10,7%; p = 0,028). Los pacientes del grupo CAT presentaron mayor ansiedad (72,7% vs 21,4%; p = 0,007). No se hallaron diferencias en su manejo clínico. Conclusiones. La detección de MANF debería considerarse un dato de sospecha de consumo de catinonas sintéticas, y en esos casos debería contemplarse la detección de nuevas sustancias psicoactivas de abuso.

Objectives. To detect the presence of unsuspected and/or undeclared cathinone and piperazine-type designer drugs in methamphetamine (METH) and amphetamine users treated in emergency departments, and to compare clinical and toxicologic profiles. Method. Retrospective observational study of emergency department patients treated for confirmed acute intoxication by recreational drugs (METH and amphetamines) between March 2019 and December 2020. We ordered high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to detect cathinones (methylone, fluoromethcathinone, mexedrone, fluoromethamphetamine, mephedrone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and synthetic piperazines (meta-chlorophenylpiperazine and trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine). Demographic, clinical, and toxicologic variables were analyzed with SPSS software (version 23). Results. Thirty-nine patients were included: 24 (61.5%) had used METH and 15 (38.5%) an amphetamine. Synthetic cathinones were detected in samples from 11 patients (28.2%), 10 (90.9%) in the METH group and 1 (9.1%) in the amphetamine group (P = .028). The METH users had taken mephedrone (8 patients) or methylone (2 patients); the amphetamine user had taken mephedrone. None of the patients had declared use of a cathinone; nor was use suspected. The mean (SD) number of substances involved was higher among users of cathinones (3.5 [1.13] vs 2.5 [1.40] in those who took no cathinones; P = .036). Among the cathinone users, 90.9% were men, 90.9% had used METH, and 45.5% had practiced chemsex. HIV positivity was significantly associated with cathinone use (in 45.5% vs 10.7% of those not using cathinones; P = .028). All 5 of the patients who had taken cathinones and also practiced chemsex were HIV positive. Significantly more patients who had taken cathinones presented with anxiety (72.7% vs 21.43%; P = .007). No differences in clinical management were found. [...]

Monitorización de digoxina libre tras la administración de anticuerpos antidigoxina en un caso de intoxicación digitálica crónica / Monitoring free digoxin serum concentrations after injection of digoxin-specific antibody fragments in a man with chronic digoxin poisoning

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Alucinaciones tras ingerir una infusión de una planta anticolinérgica con confirmación toxicológica / Hallucinations and toxicologic findings after ingestion of an infusion made from an anticholinergic plant

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Falsos positivos en el despistaje de metadona en orina secundarios a tapentadol / False positives in urine methadone screening secondary to tapentadol

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Intoxicaciones por anfetamina y metanfetamina atendidas en los servicios de urgencias: características clínicas y utilidad de la confirmación analítica / Amphetamine and methamphetamine poisonings attended in hospital emergency departments: clinical features and the usefulness of laboratory confirmation

Objetivo: Investigar si existen diferencias clínicas y toxicológicas en pacientes intoxicados por anfetamina (ANF) y metanfetamina (MANF) atendidos en servicios de urgencias. Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de intoxicaciones por ANF y MANF con confirmación analítica en Baleares (2013-2018). Se compararon variables clínicas, toxicológicas y de manejo clínico entre grupos. Resultados: 1) Se incluyeron 120 pacientes, 86 (71,7%) grupo ANF y 34 (28,3%) grupo MANF. 2) La confirmación de derivados anfetamínicos se realizó por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas en 787 muestras de orina previamente positivas mediante un método de cribado cualitativo. Se confirmaron 154 (19,6%) muestras. De ellas, 34 fueron excluidas. 3) Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ANF y MANF en: edad (32,3 vs 28,4 años); sexo (72,1 vs 94,1% hombres); nacionalidad española (64,0 vs 29,4%); en motivos de admisión: alteración de conducta (15,1 vs 0%) y palpitaciones (1,2 vs 20,6%); y en características clínicas: agitación (27,9 vs 8,8%). No hubo diferencias de manejo clínico. El 76,6% de casos fueron polintoxicaciones, más comunes en ANF (82,6 vs 61,8%). En estos casos se detectó principalmente cocaína (63,0%), cannabis (48,9%), MDMA (38,0%) y alcohol (35,9%). La mayor asociación del cannabis con el grupo de ANF fue estadísticamente significativa (45,3 vs 17,6%). La causa de los falsos positivos se identificó en el 78,7% de muestras, siendo el MDMA (71,2%) la principal. Conclusiones: Se observaron diferencias entre ANF y MANF en cuanto a variables demográficas y motivo de asistencia; no obstante en esta serie hubo un alto porcentaje de polintoxicaciones

Objective: To determine whether clinical and toxicologic findings differed between cases of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (mAMP) poisoning attended in 2 Balearic Island hospital emergency departments. Methods: Retrospective observational study of AMP and mAMP cases with laboratory confirmation between 2013 and 2018. We compared clinical and toxicologic variables as well as clinical management between groups. Results: 1) A total of 120 cases were found: 86 (71.7%) with AMP poisoning and 34 (28.3%) with mAMP poisoning. 2) Drug poisoning was confirmed by gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in 787 urine samples found to be positive during screening. One hundred fifty-four (19.6%) were confirmed by GC–MS. Thirtyfour of them did not meet the inclusion criteria. 3) Significant differences between AMP and mAMP cases were found for age (32.3 vs 28.4 y, respectively); sex (72.1% vs 94.1% men); and Spanish nationality (64.0% vs 29.4%). Reasons for admission and clinical features also differed: the reasons were aberrant behavior (15.1% in the AMP group vs 0% in the mAMP group) and palpitations (1.2% vs 20.6%); agitation was observed in 27.9% and 8.8%, respectively. Clinical management was similar in the 2 groups. Multiple drug poisoning was detected in 76.6% patients and was more common in patients in the AMP group (82.6% vs 61.8%). The additional drugs in these cases were mainly cocaine (63.0%), cannabis (48.9%), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) (38.0%), and alcohol (35.9%). Cannabis was detected in a significantly higher proportion in the AMP group (45.3%) than in the mAMP group (17.6%). False positives were found in 78.7% of the samples. The culprit drug was most often MDMA (71.2%). Conclusions: AMP poisonings were associated with age over 30 years, Spanish nationality, aberrant behavior, agitation, multiple drug findings, and the use of cannabis. Poisonings caused by mAMP abuse were associated with age under 30 years, non-Spanish nationality, palpitations, and single-drug use

Amphetamine and methamphetamine poisonings attended in hospital emergency departments: clinical features and the usefulness of laboratory confirmation. / Intoxicaciones por anfetamina y metanfetamina atendidas en los servicios de urgencias: características clínicas y utilidad de la confirmación analítica.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether clinical and toxicologic findings differed between cases of amphetamine (AMP) and methamphetamine (mAMP) poisoning attended in 2 Balearic Island hospital emergency departments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of AMP and mAMP cases with laboratory confirmation between 2013 and 2018. We compared clinical and toxicologic variables as well as clinical management between groups. RESULTS: 1) A total of 120 cases were found: 86 (71.7%) with AMP poisoning and 34 (28.3%) with mAMP poisoning. 2) Drug poisoning was confirmed by gas chromatography associated with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in 787 urine samples found to be positive during screening. One hundred fifty-four (19.6%) were confirmed by GC-MS. Thirtyfour of them did not meet the inclusion criteria. 3) Significant differences between AMP and mAMP cases were found for age (32.3 vs 28.4 y, respectively); sex (72.1% vs 94.1% men); and Spanish nationality (64.0% vs 29.4%). Reasons for admission and clinical features also differed: the reasons were aberrant behavior (15.1% in the AMP group vs 0% in the mAMP group) and palpitations (1.2% vs 20.6%); agitation was observed in 27.9% and 8.8%, respectively. Clinical management was similar in the 2 groups. Multiple drug poisoning was detected in 76.6% patients and was more common in patients in the AMP group (82.6% vs 61.8%). The additional drugs in these cases were mainly cocaine (63.0%), cannabis (48.9%), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methamphetamine (MDMA) (38.0%), and alcohol (35.9%). Cannabis was detected in a significantly higher proportion in the AMP group (45.3%) than in the mAMP group (17.6%). False positives were found in 78.7% of the samples. The culprit drug was most often MDMA (71.2%). CONCLUSION: AMP poisonings were associated with age over 30 years, Spanish nationality, aberrant behavior, agitation, multiple drug findings, and the use of cannabis. Poisonings caused by mAMP abuse were associated with age under 30 years, non-Spanish nationality, palpitations, and single-drug use.

OBJETIVO: Investigar si existen diferencias clínicas y toxicológicas en pacientes intoxicados por anfetamina (ANF) y metanfetamina (MANF) atendidos en servicios de urgencias. METODO: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de intoxicaciones por ANF y MANF con confirmación analítica en Baleares (2013-2018). Se compararon variables clínicas, toxicológicas y de manejo clínico entre grupos. RESULTADOS: 1) Se incluyeron 120 pacientes, 86 (71,7%) grupo ANF y 34 (28,3%) grupo MANF. 2) La confirmación de derivados anfetamínicos se realizó por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas en 787 muestras de orina previamente positivas mediante un método de cribado cualitativo. Se confirmaron 154 (19,6%) muestras. De ellas, 34 fueron excluidas. 3) Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ANF y MANF en: edad (32,3 vs 28,4 años); sexo (72,1 vs 94,1% hombres); nacionalidad española (64,0 vs 29,4%); en motivos de admisión: alteración de conducta (15,1 vs 0%) y palpitaciones (1,2 vs 20,6%); y en características clínicas: agitación (27,9 vs 8,8%). No hubo diferencias de manejo clínico. El 76,6% de casos fueron polintoxicaciones, más comunes en ANF (82,6 vs 61,8%). En estos casos se detectó principalmente cocaína (63,0%), cannabis (48,9%), MDMA (38,0%) y alcohol (35,9%). La mayor asociación del cannabis con el grupo de ANF fue estadísticamente significativa (45,3 vs 17,6%). La causa de los falsos positivos se identificó en el 78,7% de muestras, siendo el MDMA (71,2%) la principal. CONCLUSIONES: Se observaron diferencias entre ANF y MANF en cuanto a variables demográficas y motivo de asistencia; no obstante en esta serie hubo un alto porcentaje de polintoxicaciones.

Acute extensive myelopathy after single heroin and cocaine exposure in a patient with toxicological evidence of long-term drug abstinence.

Heroin-related myelopathy is an uncommon but often devastating complication of heroin intake. It is usually reported in individuals exposed to intravenous heroin after a variable drug-free period, leading to acute and complete spinal cord injury with poor long-term outcome. We describe an original case of acute longitudinally extensive transverse myelopathy following single heroin and cocaine intravenous exposure after a long period of abstinence confirmed by toxicological hair and retrospective urine drug analysis. This case could provide new insights in the understanding of this rare neurological complication.

Acidosis metabólica láctica como manifestación de intoxicación voluntaria en adolescentes / Metabolic lactic acidosis as a sign of voluntary poisoning in adolescents

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